Gothic Revival

Gothic Revival style is part of the mid-19th century and Romantic Movement in architecture, and inspired by medieval design. This was a popular style that drew inspiration from the classical forms of ancient Greece and Rome. While it’s different from the Gothic Revival and the Greek revival style they looked into the past, and both of them remained popular throughout the mid-19th century. Gothic Revival in America was advanced by architects Alexander Jackson Davis and Andrew Jackson, authors of influential the house plan books, Rural Residences (1837) and The Architecture of Country Houses. This style was promoted as an appropriate design with its irregular shapes and forms fitting well into the natural landscape.
The Gothic Revival style was often chosen for country homes and houses in rural or small towns.

It was also popular in churches that where high in style elements as castle, towers were very common. The name had comes from the use of decorative elements on the exterior.

 

 

 

 

The most appreciated feature of the Gothic Revival style is the pointed arches that are used for doors,windows, and decorative elements such as like porches or roof gables. Some more characteristic details include steeply pitched roofs with delicate wooden trim called bargeboards. This wooden trim is often referred to as “gingerbread” and its feature associated with this style. Gothic style buildings often have porches with decorative, with flattened arches. Revival style churches may have just not pointed arch and windows, but also often feature a Norman castle-like tower with a high spire.

Examples of Gothic Revival buildings of both high character and style can be found all anywhere all the state. Diffierent style buildings such like churches and schools offer ornate architectural details. Gothic details may also be found in urban settings or duplexes. Gothic Revival details in the 19th century were mixed with some elements of Victorian era styles so that it would became a style known as the Victorian Gothic. Gothic Revival architectural style in the early of the 20th century that drew its inspiration from medieval architecture and competed with the Neoclassical revivals in the United States.

The Strawberry Hill is one of the earliest documented example of the revived of Gothic architectural elements. Gothic Revival was also used for its romantic qualities without regard for its structural and original function. Another early example designed by James Wyatt for ornamentation and decoration was Fonthill Abbey  a country house with a tower 82 m high. Nothing more clearly could illustrate the usage and the romantic associations with medieval life.

 

Some other structures that were built around mid-century were within basic patterns. Later then desire for more elegant created the last flowering of the style.

In United States, the style can also be divided into two phases. The early one that was rich but comparatively unscholarly, was by Richard Upjohn’s Trinity Church. Later style, archaeologically was correct and inspired such many structures as Renwick’s St. Patrick’s Cathedral (New York City, 1859–79) and it was to dominate public building.

 

 

 

Referencing

Gothic Revival | architectural style | Encyclopedia Britannica. 2015. Gothic Revival | architectural style | Encyclopedia Britannica. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/239789/Gothic-Revival. [Accessed 28 January 2015].

Gothic Revival Architecture in England. 2015. Gothic Revival Architecture in England. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.britainexpress.com/architecture/gothic-revival.htm. [Accessed 28 January 2015].

Gothic Revival, Lauuh!. 2015. Gothic Revival, Lauuh!. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.silvercreek.wclark.k12.in.us/studentwork/architecture/gothic/gothic%20revival.htm. [Accessed 28 January 2015].

Ergonomic Design

Human factors and ergonomics are also known as functional design, comfort design and user friendly.

It has to incorporate contributions from psychology, engineering, industrial design and physiology. In essence to study the design equipment and devices that fit most for  human body and its abilities.

 

 

Ergonomics is all about designing for people, wherever they interact with products. We usually don’t notice good design unless someone tell us, but we do notice poor design. The emphasis for good ergonomics is to ensure that its simplest designs complement the strengths and abilities of people and minimize the effects of their limitations. To achieving this you should understand the design for the variability of people, spanning such attributes as age, strength and size. Qualified ergonomists are the only recognized professionals to have competency in optimizing performance and safety.

The Science is for refining the design of products to optimize them for human use. Different human characteristics, such as weight, proportions and height are mainly considered and also informed about human hearing and sight. Ergonomics is sometimes also known as human factors engineering.

Computers and related products like chairs are often frequently the focus of ergonomic design. Number of peoples uses these products for extended periods of time such as for working days. If these products are poorly designed or improperly adjusted for human use, the person using them may suffer from some stress.

 

 

Physical ergonomic and principles have mainly been widely used in the design of both industrial products and consumer. Many ergonomically designed products are also used or recommended to treat or prevent such disorders, and to treat pressure-related to pain.

Referencing

What is ergonomics?. 2015. What is ergonomics?. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ergonomics.org.uk/learning/what-ergonomics/. [Accessed 28 January 2015].

Human Factors and Ergonomics Society: Product Detail . 2015. Human Factors and Ergonomics Society: Product Detail . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.hfes.org/publications/ProductDetail.aspx?ProductID=36. [Accessed 28 January 2015].

Human factors and ergonomics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2015. Human factors and ergonomics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomics. [Accessed 28 January 2015].

Postmodernism

Postmodernism it’s a movement in architecture that rejected the modernist. Modernism is here to understand art and architecture projects in favor of going for better and to create forms for other purpose like novelty. Modernism also was an exploration of possibilities and search for uniqueness and its individuality.

Postmodernism wanted to maintain some elements of modern while returning to the classical forms of the past. The result of this was an ironic for collage to approach to construction that combines several traditional styles into one structure. As collage, meaning is was found in combinations of already created patterns.

By following this, the modern romantic image of the lone creative artist was dramatic abandoned.
 

 

 

First reaction of Post-modernism emerged as a cultural. Then modern movement had changes in responding to societal attitudes being negotiated through the Post-Colonial movement. Postmodernism also faced with the Punk movement that leaded to the seed for Craft Punk where freedom of expression and truth to materials remain core values. Sometimes traditional views just have to be turned upside down to ensure culture and society.

Historicism, was self-referential, and expressed itself through different styles. There was a general choice in design and the possibilities became endless. Historic architectural ruins the imaginations and works of many designers and artists. Ettore Sottsass designed using bright and colorful colors with strong contrasts and patterns. Aldo Rossi and Michael Graves experimented with architectural styles in their own designs.
 

 

 

 

 

 

Lemon squeezer is a kitchen product designed to extract juice from lemons or oranges. It is designed to separate the juice of the fruit in a way that is easily to operate. Lemon squeezers can bemade from also any type of solid materials and best acid-resistant material such as plastic, glass, aluminum or ceramic.

Lemon Juicer by Philippe Starck 1990s , Designed for Alessi

 

 

Referencing

postmodernism | philosophy | Encyclopedia Britannica. 2015. postmodernism | philosophy | Encyclopedia Britannica. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1077292/postmodernism. [Accessed 28 January 2015].

The Po-Mo Page: Postmodern to Post-postmodern. 2015. The Po-Mo Page: Postmodern to Post-postmodern. [ONLINE] Available at: http://faculty.georgetown.edu/irvinem/theory/pomo.html. [Accessed 28 January 2015].

The Death of Postmodernism And Beyond | Issue 58 | Philosophy Now. 2015. The Death of Postmodernism And Beyond | Issue 58 | Philosophy Now. [ONLINE] Available at: https://philosophynow.org/issues/58/The_Death_of_Postmodernism_And_Beyond. [Accessed 28 January 2015].

Greek Design

Greek culture was developments in sources of design architecture like art, literature, philosophy and music that have served as an inspiration since their inception. Greek models design seems to have been based on some of the oldest existing theatre buildings in India but by the time of the writing of the section on theatre architecture in Indian theatre, design had developed some quite different lines.

 

 

 

Greek traditions of theatre designs passed to the eastern Mediterranean. It was taken then into the western Mediterranean and central Europe during the period of the Roman Empire. It was also spread throughout Europe during the Renaissance new theatre design.

 

Most common designs seen in ancient art is the Greek-key pattern. Other abstracted forms of geometric repeats, wave patterns are also seen on classical garments. Some patterns have rarely been used by artists or by contemporary designers. The Greek key and wave meander appear mostly frequently in designs on antique. In some points, the key pattern is broken into a discontinuous segmented band, but even this linear repeat is sufficient to sustain the classical connection.

 

Relief with a dancing maenad

 

 

Egyptian pyramids architecture had been an early one, attempt, but Greek building art offered the first clear an expression of a national architectural creed. It’s an example of the working logically to create an aesthetic effect. Some Greek designers particularly mainly used mathematical calculations to determine the width, height and other characteristics of architectural measurements. These might be changed a bit for certain elements like columns, capitals and base platform that might be a curved, in order to create the visual effect.

Greek architecture is most important for some aspects because of its logic and order that are the heart of Greek architecture. The Hellenes had planned their temples according to a coded scheme, based on function and system of sculptural decoration. Mathematics determined harmony the symmetry and the eye's pleasure.

 

 

Referencing

Antiquity Greece | History of Design through the 18th Century. 2015. Antiquity Greece | History of Design through the 18th Century. [ONLINE] Available at: https://iammodernman.wordpress.com/2011/04/13/antiquity-greece/. [Accessed 27 January 2015].

Meander-Greek Key - History and Meaning - CultureTaste Blackboard . 2015. Meander-Greek Key - History and Meaning - CultureTaste Blackboard . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.culturetaste.com/meander-greek-key-history-and-meaning-66.html. [Accessed 27 January 2015].

A history of interior design - John F. Pile - Google Books. 2015. A history of interior design - John F. Pile - Google Books. [ONLINE] Available at: https://books.google.com.mt/books?id=2664tGWET-MC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=greek+design+history&source=bl&ots=gynl9cKNve&sig=sMJNxdA3z-bqOpLrYuVEEN5fN-M&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CwXIVImeEoWAUd25gIAD&ved=0CF8Q6AEwDQ#v=onepage&q=greek%20design%20history&f=false. [Accessed 27 January 2015].

Constructivism

 

In the beginning of the 1919 Constructivism was an architectural and artistic philosophy that was first originated in Russia.

Constructivism movement was in favor of art as practice for social and purposes. Bauhaus and De Stijl movements in the early 20th century it had a great effect on modern movements and art, influencing trends.

 

 

It was one of the most influential art modern movements in Russia in the 20th century. That borrowed some ideas from Futurism and Cubism, but it was an entirely new approach to making new objects, one which to abolish the traditional artistic concern with composition, and then replace with construction.

 

 

Constructivist art also, often aimed to demonstrate how materials would behaved to ask what different properties had materials such as glass, metal and wood. Its influence it was also with major impacts upon graphic, architecture, film, theatre, industrial design, fashion and to some more music. An artwork that can be formed by its own materials would take in the traditional of art forms, in which the artist transforms base materials into something very beautiful and different. For some people these inquiries could means to an end, the goal being the translation of design and ideas into mass production; for others it was an end in itself, a new and modern style expressing the dynamism of modern life.

 

Jean Piaget: founder of Constructivism

 

Constructivism it’s most important that is not a particular pedagogy. In fact, constructivism is also known as a theory describing how learning had happens to get to know and understand a lecture and following some instructions for building an airplane model. In the same both cases, the constructivism theory is suggests that learners construct their own knowledge out of their own experiences.

 

Referencing

Constructivism (art) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2015. Constructivism (art) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_(art). [Accessed 26 January 2015].

Constructivism Movement, Artists and Major Works | The Art Story. 2015. Constructivism Movement, Artists and Major Works | The Art Story. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.theartstory.org/movement-constructivism.htm. [Accessed 26 January 2015].

Constructivism in learning. 2015. Constructivism in learning. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/constructivism.htm. [Accessed 26 January 2015].

Industrial Revolution

From the beginning of the 18th to the 19th century there where some changes in the Industrial Revolution period of time that were made in agriculture, technology, transport, and manufacturing that had an effect on the cultural conditions starting in the United Kingdom then spreading throughout North America, Europe and eventually the world.

Industrial Revolution and
Steam power 

The steam engine was one of the most efficient and important technologies of the Industrial Revolution. It was used in many industrial especially for mining, the first engines that pumped water from deep workings. Some of the mills had run successfully with water power, but by using a steam power engine a factory could be located not only near water but anywhere. Water power varied with the seasons, and was not available all the times due to dry spells and freezing water. Steam didn’t  had replace water power in importance in Britain until after the Industrial Revolution. From an Englishman Thomas, atmospheric engine, of 1712, through developments by Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer James Watt, steam engine then began to be used in many industrial settings.

 

 

Industrial revolution also changed the way that artists worked. Most of them were using some tools and paints that were now all of them mass-produced at factories and considerably cheaper. Many of them incorporated the industrial revolution into some of their work.

Referencing

Industrial Revolution. 2015. Industrial Revolution. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Industrial_Revolution.html. [Accessed 9 January 2015].

Economic Growth and the Early Industrial Revolution [ushistory.org]. 2015. Economic Growth and the Early Industrial Revolution [ushistory.org]. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ushistory.org/us/22a.asp. [Accessed 9 January 2015].

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. 2015. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. [ONLINE] Available at: http://history-world.org/Industrial%20Intro.htm. [Accessed 12 January 2015].

The Art Nouveau

Art Nouveau was a movement that began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that swept through the decorative arts and architecture. Art Nouveau is  known as well as Jugendstil. The way of the style was most welcome in Europe, but it had its influence global.

Art Nouveau was mainly aimed to modernizing design and seeking to escape the eclectic historical practice that had previously been popular.

At that time most of the artists drew inspiration from both organic and geometric forms that evolved elegant designs natural forms with more angular contours.

There were many artists and designers who worked in the Art Nouveau style. Some of them were the Scottish architect and designer Charles Rennie Mackintosh, who specialized in geometric line and particularly influenced the Austrian Sezessionstil,was the Belgian architects Victor Horta and Henry van de Velde  . Many designers at that time felt that 19th century design had been excessively ornamental, and wishing to avoid what they perceived as decoration, they had been evolved a belief that the function of an object should dictate its form.

Art nouvea cabinet

Art Nouveau influence Art Deco furniture designs, whose surfaces are enriched by exotic wood veneers and ornamental inlays. Dramatic Art Nouveau inspired graphics that became more popular in the social and political milieu of the 1960s, besides a new generation challenging ideas.

 

The style had went out of fashion after it was given way to Art Deco in the 1920s, but it experienced a popular revival in the 1960s, and it’s now seen as an important predecessor of modernism.

 

Referencing

Art Nouveau Movement, Artists and Major Works | The Art Story. 2015. Art Nouveau Movement, Artists and Major Works | The Art Story. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.theartstory.org/movement-art-nouveau.htm. [Accessed 16 January 2015].

Art Nouveau | Exhibitions. 2015. Art Nouveau | Exhibitions. [ONLINE] Available at: http://exhibitions.europeana.eu/exhibits/show/art-nouveau-en. [Accessed 16 January 2015].

Art Nouveau - Victoria and Albert Museum. 2015. Art Nouveau - Victoria and Albert Museum. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.vam.ac.uk/page/a/art-nouveau/. [Accessed 16 January 2015].

Art Deco

Art Deco is referring to a style in 1920s and 1930s. It’s affected all forms of the design, from the decorative and fine arts to fashion, photography, film, transport and product design. Art Deco is also an influential visual arts design style that it was first appeared in France after World War I and began internationally in the 1920s till 1940s.It is an eclectic style that combines traditional craft with Machine Age materials. The style is often characterized by its colorful colors, geometric shapes and lavish ornamentation.

 

Deco it was also influenced by Cubism , Functionalism, Constructivism, Futurism, and Modernism.

 

 

 

Joseph Csaky , figures, 1920, relief, limestone, polychrome its 80 cm. Exhibited Léonce Rosenberg, Galerie de L'Effort Moderne in 1920, now it is at Kröller-Müller Museum in Netherland.

 

 

 

Chrysler Building

Art Deco spire in New York City; designed by William Van Alen; and built in 1928–30.…

Although some of the style went out of fashion in most places during the World War II,the beginning in the late 1960s there was a renewed interest in Art Deco designs. In to the 21st century art deco had continued to be a source of inspiration in such areas as decorative art and jewelry design and fashion.

 

Referencing

Art Deco. 2015. Art Deco. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.artcyclopedia.com/history/art-deco.html. [Accessed 25 January 2015].

BBC - Homes - Design - Art deco period style. 2015. BBC - Homes - Design - Art deco period style. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/homes/design/period_artdeco.shtml. [Accessed 25 January 2015].

Art Deco - Victoria and Albert Museum. 2015. Art Deco - Victoria and Albert Museum. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.vam.ac.uk/page/a/art-deco/. [Accessed 25 January 2015].