The International Style

The International Style is an architectural style that emerged in the 1920s and 1930s in the formative decades of modern architecture with an emphasis on form and aesthetics.

The term "International Style" was first used in an exhibition in 1932 by Hitchcock and Johnson.

Some of the most common characteristics of International Style in buildings are said to be forms, light, plane surfaces that have been completely stripped of and applied ornamentation and decoration. Some of the most common matierals were used are glass and steel they are the common characteristic materials of the construction.

 

 

 

This early form of minimalism had a "modern look", reinforced by its use of modern materials, including glass for the facade, steel for exterior support, and concrete for interior floor and support.

 

Gropius and Mies were two of the best known for their structures of glass curtain walls spanning steel girders that was form the skeleton of the building. Some of the Gropius’s work are the Fagus Works (Alfeld-an-der-Leine, Germany; 1911), the Bauhaus (Dessau, Germany; 1925–26), and the Graduate Center at Harvard University (Cambridge, Massachusetts; 1949–50) which show his concern for interior space. Mies van der Rohe with his followers in the United States who did much to unroll the International.
 

 

 

Between the 1970s some architects had began to chafe at the limitations in the International Style. The quality of the glass and steel boxes that embodied the style by then appeared stultifying. The final result was a responce against modernist architecture and exploration of the probability of innovative decoration and design. Schools that were built at the mid century between 1950 show the fundamental design principles of the International style. While the International style was coming popular in Europe for the residential design in the 1920s-30s, was less commonly used for houses in the United States.

Architects began imaginative structures that used modern building materials and decorative elements to create a variety of novel effect. This movement had became prominent in the late 1970s and early ’80s and became known as postmodernism.

Wealthy people of the avant guarde in architecture commissioned  architects to design International style homes, but that style was not much embraced for ordinary working class house construction in the USA. However, then the design principles of the International style of functionality had opened floor plans that could be seen in the homes that developed in the post WWII years.

 

 

Referencing

International style - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2015. International style - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_style. [Accessed 4 January 2015].

International style - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary. 2015. International style - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/international%20style. [Accessed 4 January 2015].

International style - definition of International style by The Free Dictionary. 2015. International style - definition of International style by The Free Dictionary. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/International+style. [Accessed 5 January 2015].

Organic Design

Organic Design and architecture

Organic design and architecture is combined with each other. Which it explain between human environment and the natural world through design that approaches so sympathetic and well integrated with its buildings, furnishings, and surroundings that become part of an interrelated composition. It’s also refers not only to the buildings but also to the relationship with  natural surroundings, but how the design is thought about as if it was an unified organism.. Especially organic architecture is also the literal design of every element of a building.


 

 

 

 

The first main think to work organically when designing something is the flow. By that the design come together by its fashion that allows to transfer over into the piece by itself. The more the flow is the better it will serve the design throughout the all design process.

 

The elements of organic design in a house could be built by machines with no spirit involved. In organic design, building is a live experience involving particular materials that are joined through invented and inspired processes.

 

 

 

 

A perception that involving forms and that its made and produced by people involves the spirit from the people while the form produced has no spirit of its own. The forms we produce can be working examples of abstraction and can also embody concreteness. Organic design then can also involves not only by the external forms that people produce, but also our internal experiences and perception of these forms and the effects of these forms in our consciousness.

 

 

Referencing

organicARCHITECT :: San Francisco Green Architecture & Building - sustainable & organic design in California, Arizona & New Mexico. 2015. organicARCHITECT :: San Francisco Green Architecture & Building - sustainable & organic design in California, Arizona & New Mexico. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.organicarchitect.com/home.html#axzz3Pr3zEeNB. [Accessed 19 January 2015].

organicARCHITECT :: San Francisco Green Architecture & Building - sustainable & organic design in California, Arizona & New Mexico. 2015. organicARCHITECT :: San Francisco Green Architecture & Building - sustainable & organic design in California, Arizona & New Mexico. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.organicarchitect.com/home.html#axzz3Pr3zEeNB. [Accessed 20 January 2015].

De Stijl

De Stijl is also known by the name of a journal that was published by the Dutch designer, painter, writer, and critic Theo van Doesburg.De Stijl design is best for its simplicity and abstraction, both in painting and also architecture and by using straight horizontal and vertical lines and rectangular forms. Their primary vocabulary was limited to the primary colors such as red, yellow, and blue, and the three primary values that are grey,white and also black.

 Next to van Doesburg, the group's principal members were the painters Piet Mondrian (1872–1944), Vilmos Huszár (1884–1960), and Bart van der Leck (1876–1958), and the architects Gerrit Rietveld (1888–1964), Robert van 't Hoff (1887–1979), and J. J. P. Oud.

 

Some of the elements of this movement and the second meaning of stijl of support this is best exemplified by the construction of crossing joints, most commonly are seen in carpentry.

It was influenced by Cubist painting and geometric forms as well as by the mysticism and the idea such as the perfect straight line. De Stijl movement was also influenced by Neopositivism. The works that had been done by De Stijl would also been influenced by the Bauhaus style and the international style of architecture as well as clothing and interior design. But it didn’t follow the general guidelines e.g, Cubism, Futurism and Surrealism.

De Stijl Influence

From the Prada Fall/Winter 2011 Runway Collection in Milan.

De Stijl how it is interpreted today into a more modern style. While some creative like saint Laurent who took direct inspiration from De Stijl, it’s no longer only about straight and horizontal lines, its also about zig-zags, circle, shapes, and just plain patches of colors that the colors used in modern-day De Stijl ,so there are no longer primary, they come in all colors from dark to light pastels.

Referencing

De Stijl. 2015. De Stijl. [ONLINE] Available at: http://char.txa.cornell.edu/art/decart/destijl/decstijl.htm. [Accessed 25 January 2015].

Collection Online | Browse By Movement | De Stijl - Guggenheim Museum. 2015. Collection Online | Browse By Movement | De Stijl - Guggenheim Museum. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/movements/195212. [Accessed 25 January 2015].

ArtLex on De Stijl. 2015. ArtLex on De Stijl. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/d/destijl.html. [Accessed 22 January 2015].

Streamlining

The first word streamlining it was first appeared in a print out around 1900 but only appeared in dictionaries in the early 1930s. Artists had been designing streamlined objects for many years before that. It was a style that dominated American design from the early 1930s to the 1950s. Streamlining it was also growing out of the Art Deco style, but it was simplified and infused. These artistic expressions regularly thought with moving objects such as boats, trains, airships, automobiles, rockets, and more, that had a relationship to aerodynamic. The style was briefly important as much about economics as aesthetics. Industrial design profession had emerged at that time and used streamline design to serve American corporate.

 

Streamlining has been described as Art Deco, the consumer revolution of the 1950s and became the visual language of American modernity.

Streamlining was applied to forms of design and also is static pieces. Some electrical products began display the same progressive imagery found in airplanes and cars. Some of the types objects of streamlining has no functional purpose just are being used purely as a decorative style.

 

 

What it’s so important to note is that these new technologies and machines were not just influencing form the design by itself but also they were often determining the limits or constraints of the forms. That determined that made corner bends must necessarily have large soft radius.

Streamlining first began as an experiment on practical attempt to make aerodynamic cars and planes move faster with no resistance, but the dynamic imagery was quickly used as a decorative style suggesting modernity and progress. It had been given a big boost to the emerging industrial design profession because it was could be applied to almost any product to make it more desirable. Streamlining was the one of the mass consumption of that and consumer culture that we are still immersed in.

Additionally, the front and back of any object were now being formed by hydraulic die-stamping, requiring compound to keep the thin steel surfaces from oil. We then saw many appliances that was adopting with the soft-radii forms like this 1935 Sears Coldspot,rily by the whim , or brilliance, of the desi gners.

Referencing

Streamline Moderne - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2015. Streamline Moderne - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamline_Moderne. [Accessed 25 January 2015].

Streamlined Design: Modernity in America . 2015. Streamlined Design: Modernity in America . [ONLINE] Available at: https://architecture.knoji.com/streamlined-design-modernity-in-america/. [Accessed 25 January 2015].

The Streamline Era: A Personal View Budd Steinhilber, FIDSA | Industrial Design History. 2015. The Streamline Era: A Personal View Budd Steinhilber, FIDSA | Industrial Design History. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.industrialdesignhistory.com/node/1022. [Accessed 25 January 2015].

Pop Design

Pop art, design and Furniture

 

 Pop Art is a movement that began around in the mid-1950s in Britain and then followed by the United States in the late 1950s. The term “Pop” was first originated from the quote, “popular mass culture” that was taken by Lawrence . As a response to the World War II society of materialism focused on materials that can be easily found in people’s everyday living environment. Along with a growth of ideas in 60s, a number of designers were increasingly influenced and inspired by the Pop movement. The major markets subject that influence fine arts, fashion design and the furniture industry.

Pop art furniture is often characterized by the use of plastic matieral. This is probably due the fact of range of many colours that were available and had been available for some long time.

This is an expensive piece thats is hand crafted in high quality craftsmanship, setting it apart from most pop art furniture, which is aimed at the general public market.

The influence of Pop art on furniture design during the 1960s was so obvious that it is surprising to find the term, “Pop Furniture” that never had been mentioned in the history before. Pop furniture design it’s difficult to define not only because it’s  has never specified it in the past, but also because Pop art itself has so many different characteristics and purposes depending on each artists exploring them.

Pop art is still enjoyed today. It is distinctive in style and makes good

 use of the comic strip that approach the pop art era.

 

Referencing

BBC - Homes - Design - 1960s . 2015. BBC - Homes - Design - 1960s . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/homes/design/period_1960s.shtml. [Accessed 24 January 2015].

Pop art - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2015. Pop art - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_art. [Accessed 24 January 2015].

Pop Art Design - Vitra Design Museum. 2015. Pop Art Design - Vitra Design Museum. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.design-museum.de/en/exhibitions/detailseiten/pop-art-design.html. [Accessed 24 January 2015].

 

Bauhaus

The Bauhaus 1919-1933. 

The Bauhaus was first founded in 1919 in the city of Weimar by German architect Walter Gropius.

The Bauhaus is a combination of both elements fine arts and design education and has a special role to play in the history of 20th century culture, architecture, design, art and new media.

The Bauhaus was one of the most influential modernist art school of the 20th century. Who’s approached to teaching, and understanding art's relationship to society and technology. It had a major impact in Europe and in the United States long after it closed. It was shaped in the 19th and early 20th century by the trends such as Arts and Crafts movement, which had level the distinction between fine art and applied arts, and to reunite manufacturing and creativity . The school is also been renowned for its faculty, which included artists like Wassily Kandinsky, Josef Albers and architects Walter Gropius and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and even the designer Marcel Breuer.

Walter Gropius

 In Walter Gropius architectural design he refined architectonic ideas that he first put into practice before WW 1 in the construction. Walter, rather than analyzing the corners of the building he allowed the glass surface to overlap the edges, thereby creating the impression of lightness.Walter Gropius consistently separated the parts of the Bauhaus building according to their functions and was designed each differently from each other. In order to appreciate the overall design of the Bauhaus complex, the observer must therefore move around the whole building. There is no central viewpoint for it.

The Bauhaus had been closed in 1933, and the building itself was being used for some other purposes. In 1943 an air raid destroyed the interior , and no renovation was carried out until 1956-57.

Referencing

Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar and Dessau - UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2015. Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar and Dessau - UNESCO World Heritage Centre. [ONLINE] Available at: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/729. [Accessed 17 January 2015].

Bauhaus Movement, Artists and Major Works | The Art Story. 2015. Bauhaus Movement, Artists and Major Works | The Art Story. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.theartstory.org/movement-bauhaus.htm. [Accessed 17 January 2015].

The Bauhaus, 1919–1933 | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2015. The Bauhaus, 1919–1933 | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/bauh/hd_bauh.htm. [Accessed 17 January 2015].

Bauhaus Dessau : Home : Stiftung Bauhaus Dessau / Bauhaus Dessau Foundation. 2015. Bauhaus Dessau : Home : Stiftung Bauhaus Dessau / Bauhaus Dessau Foundation. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.bauhaus-dessau.de/english/home.html. [Accessed 23 January 2015].